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Deep Seabed Mining: Open vista to economic prosperity for Nigeria

Funso OLOJO 
Since independence, the mainstay of Nigeria’s economy has been oil and gas.
The country has relied so much on oil that any slightest jolt in the industry will reverberate through the country’s economic arteries.
The reason is that Nigeria gets about 90 percent of its revenue from oil.
However, the country has neglected its other vast God-given resources buried beneath the ocean.
More than oil, which is fast losing international appeal due to the emerging alternative to oil, the country’s resources in the deep Seabed are a gold mine waiting to be explored and exploited.
Apart from the surface mining activities going on around the country but which were unfortunately not well harnessed, Nigeria, over the years, paid no attention to seabed mining activities which are even more lucrative than oil exploration.
According to the International Seabed Authority(ISA), an intergovernmental United Nations autonomous body charged with overseeing and regulating seabed mining activities, deep Seabed mining can only take place outside the limit of the nautical jurisdiction of a member state, that is, beyond the outer limit of the continental shelf.
With Nigeria’s 200 nautical continental shelf with the latest addition of 16,300 square kilometers granted by the United Nations Commission on the Limits of Continental Shelf (CLCS), Nigeria has the potential for a great economic boom if these opportunities are exploited.
Good enough, the country is among the 167 – member states of ISA which regulates Seabed mining in the area referred to as common heritage.
But sadly, since Nigeria joined the organisation at inception in November 1994, the country has not exploited the benefits of such membership.
The nonchalant attitude of the country was probably because of the fortunes it gets from oil.
Now that the oil revenue is dwindling, the Nigerian government has suddenly woken up to the realization that there is a new opportunity to grow the economy through the exploration and exploitation of the vast resources in the deep Seabed.
To demonstrate its desire to explore and exploit seabed resources, the federal government through the Ministry of Marine and Blue Economy in conjunction with the Nigerian Maritime Administration and Safety Agency (NIMASA) organized a two-day awareness workshop where it sensitized relevant stakeholders.
From September 18th and 19th 2024, in Abuja, the government rallied the support of relevant stakeholders who brainstormed on the benefits and challenges of seabed mining and how Nigeria could leverage the opportunity to grow its economy.
Stakeholders perspectives:
At the sensitization workshop, stakeholders, drawn from the Ministry of Marine and Blue Economy, NIMASA, who are the hosts, the Nigeria Navy, the Ministry of Mines and Steel Development, Nigeria Boundary Commission, environmentalists and the Academia.
The stakeholders were unanimous in their views that seabed mining is an energiser of the economy and encouraged the Nigerian govenment to take the opportunities it offers.
However, they lamented the long-term neglect of the sector by Nigeria.
Beyond the rhetorics of government representatives, other stakeholders reprimanded the government for its inaction in the International Seabed Authority(ISA) and by extension lack of interest in exploring the vast potential of seabed resources.
Dr Maureen Tamuno, the former Permanent Representative of Nigeria to the ISA, was emotional about the dormant membership of Nigeria in ISA.
According to her, Nigeria has always been an onlooker at the different meetings of the ISA at its headquarters in Kingston, Jamaica.
” At the last ISA meeting in July 2024, Nigeria had the largest entourage among the member states to the event but the people didn’t participate in the proceedings because they didn’t understand the concept and objective of the meeting.
She wanted the Nigerian government to ensure that the country participates fully in the organization in order to enjoy the inherent opportunities.
Abba Nurudeen, the Director of Maritime Boundary at the Nigeria Boundary Commission revealed that Nigeria, though a member of ISA, is yet to get the ISA license that will qualify the country to partake in the exploration and exploitation of resources beneath the belly of the sea.
According to him, the country needs $500,000 as a licensing fee to secure the license and a processing fee of $50,000.
Without these, Nigeria will be a mere onlooker while other contractor countries and companies are busy harvesting the resources that are the common heritage.
Under the ISA laws, only licensed contractors can explore and exploit the deep Seabed resources.
Despite the massive coastal endowment of Nigeria spanning over 892 Km from Badagry to Bakassi, with a total shelf area of about 42,000 km2, including a territorial sea extending from the coastline to a breadth of 12 nautical miles, and the continental shelf extending to about 50 miles which make Nigeria one of the eight countries with a continental shelf that allows for the extension of the country’s Exclusive Economic Zone from 200 miles to a further 150 miles, in addition to 4,000km of inland waterways, Nigeria cannot engage in deep seabed mining because if failed to get contract license for such purpose from ISA.
ISA has entered into 15-year contracts with 21 contractors for the exploration of polymetallic nodules, polymetallic sulphides and cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts in the international seabed area (the Area).
The explored areas are in the Clarion-Clipperton Zone, the Indian Ocean, the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the Pacific Ocean.For polymetallic nodules, the entitled exploration area allocated to each contractor is 75,000 square kilometres.

For polymetallic sulphides, the entitled exploration area allocated to each contractor is 10,000 square kilometres and consists of 100 blocks. Each block is no greater than 100 square kilometres.

For cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts, the entitled exploration area allocated to each contractor is 3,000 square kilometres and consists of 150 blocks. Each block is no greater than 20 square kilometres.

This is the opportunity Nigeria is missing by its failure to get the ISA license as a contract 30 years after it joined the UN body.
Both Dr. Tamuno and Mr Abba agreed that Nigeria should collaborate with relevant stakeholders and international bodies as well as pulling resources together to enable the country get ISA license.
According to them, achieving this milestone requires collaboration and advocacy, a position shared by Rear Admiral(rtd) Chukwuemeka Okafor, the immediate Hydrographer of the Nigerian Navy.
Benefits of ISA contract licence for Nigeria 
The adoption of UNCLOS in 1982 was one of the greatest achievements of the United Nations. One of the Convention’s most important contributions is that it placed more than 50 percent of the seabed under international jurisdiction, beyond the reach of any single State.
If managed effectively, in accordance with the rule of law as set out in the Convention, deep sea mining has the potential to contribute to the economic recovery of Nigeria.
Challenges of Exploiting Deep-Seabed resources by Nigeria
Much as there are enormous benefits inherent in the exploration and exploitation of deep Seabed resources, Nigeria may be faced with an uphill task to maximize these undersea resources.
Apart from being capital intensive, the lack of focus and commitment steeped in tenacity of purpose by the government may hinder the process.
To achieve Nigeria’s quest for using seabed mining as a stimulant for economic recovery, there must be sincere collaboration, and mutual commitment between the Ministry of Marine and Blue Economy, the lead ministry, NIMASA, the Designated Authority for Nigeria membership of ISA and the Ministry of Mines and Steel, including other relevant stakeholders.
Unfortunately, some stakeholders believed that the Ministry of Marine and Blue Economy, which is the country- designate for Nigeria’s membership of ISA, may be overwhelmed by the sheer number of responsibilities thrust on the young ministry.
The Rector, Maritime Academy of Nigeria, Commodore Duja Emmanuel Effedua (Rtd) believed that Nigeria may not see immediate results from the efforts of the federal government to leverage seabed mining through the ministry of Marine and Blue to grow the economy.
According to him, the young ministry is already overburdened with too many tasks and responsibilities within a short time of its creation.
” It will take time for the ministry to deliver, say 4 to 5 years from now.
” I am not a spokesman for the ministry but a lot of work has been heaped on the ministry with so short a time of its creation.
” People have to be patient because the results cannot come immediately” Commodore(rtd) claimed.
He also raised the issue of finance needed to fund the deep Seabed mining activity if Nigeria eventually forays into the sector.
” Nigeria has no required funds to exploit the resources in the seabed. We can only explore because exploiting the resources in the  Seabed is very expensive” MAN Oron Rector disclosed.
However, stakeholders believed that if the government could muster the required political will, funding and international collaboration towards leveraging vast resources beneath the belly of the ocean, then Nigeria would be on its way towards economic rebirth.
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32 years after, NPA jerks up tariffs, fees by 15 per cent 

says increase meant to upgrade old, dilapidated Port facilities
Funso OLOJO 
The Nigerian Ports Authority (NPA) has announced a 15 percent increase on all its tariffs and fees across board.
The increment, the Authority says, is coming after 32 years of such increase.
The increase is expected to lead to high cost of Port services  while the Port users will pass the cost to the final consumers of their products.
The terminal operators are the major users of NPA services and expected to bear the chunk of the tariff increase.
At a meeting with stakeholders in Lagos to sensitize them on the new development, the Managing Director of the Authority, Dr Abubakar Dantsoho, disclosed that the agency was compelled to take this painful but inevitable decision in order fund massive upgrade of old and dilapidated Port infrastructure.
Represented by Mr Olalekan Badmus, Executive Director Marine and Operation, of the agency, Dantsoho said the tariff review has received necessary approval from government.
The NPA management justified the tariff increase  on the urgent need to address the  undesirable reality of aged and weak Infrastructure, obsolete equipment and slow Port capacity expansion which has continued to  diminish the performance and indeed competitiveness of Nigerian Ports.
Stakeholders at the event seems to aligned with the reasons which the NPA adduced for the tariff increase.
Joshua Asanga , a stakeholder , agreed with the increase, adding that the value of NPA’s present tariff has since been suppressed by Inflation which is at about 35% .
Asanga listed port management liabilities like wages, fuel and other areas of expenditure as having adjusted upwards without a commensurate rise in NPA charges for over thirty years
He added that NPA needs funds for improved port infrastructure, robust ICT for Port Community System, procurement of tug boats and other operational platforms to achieve efficiency
Another stakeholder, Demian Ukagu, talked on the need to apply more NPA funding to outer port facilities and jetties like the Kirikiri Lighter Terminal and development of other critical port facilities across the country.
He added that NPA rates should be able to cover these cost that would guarantee minimum return on investment and promote sustainable trade.
The meeting agreed that existing tariffs were set devoid of capital cost, labour cost, consumables and overhead expenditures needed to run the ports
They feared that keeping the ports on the old tariff would promote consequences like poor service, inadequate infrastructure,poor remuneration ,obsolete critical port facilities, equipment and infrastructure.
Globally, Port Authorities depend on revenue from operations to stay alive to their responsibilities which includes construction and maintenance of Port infrastructure, dredging of channels, provision of aids for safe navigation, provision of modern marine crafts for efficient harbour services, automation and digitization of port transactions, port security, energy efficiency and training and retraining of its employees.
The global index of Port rating and competitiveness which the international trade community relies on for its choice of countries to do business with, derives its data from how well the aforementioned responsibilities are addressed.
Coming at this period of global economic upheaval and scramble for markets, this belated Tariff review borne out of necessity constitutes a critical success factor in Nigeria’s quest to win back cargo handling business and it’s accompanying benefits including job opportunities it had  lost to it’s maritime neighbors.
Contrary to the popular but erroneous notion that attributes high Port costs to NPA relative to its peers, verifiable data shows NPA Tariffs are amongst the lowest in the region.
The high incidence of unreceipted costs due to unduly high human interface, bureaucratic bottlenecks, functional overlaps resulting from absence of a Port Community System (PCS) and its corollary the National Single Window (NSW) are responsible for this contrived falsehood.
Industry commentators believed that the tariff review is long overdue and necessary at this time if the Nigerian ports want to be competitive within the West and Central African sub- region.
“Although long overdue, a quick win benefits of the NPA Tariff review for stakeholders, is the immediate  boost it gives to the Authority to fast track the commencement of actual works on its concluded Port reconstruction and modernization plans.
“Secondly, the Tariff review provides the necessary guarantees to fund the acquisition and urgent deployment of the Information Communications Technology (ICT) backbone of the PCS which is the precursor to the implementation of the NSW” an industry operator declared.
Furthermore, the increased revenue generation arising from the review buoys the Authority’s capacity for critical maintenance works to open up the Eastern Ports for increased vessel and cargo traffic such as the reconstruction of collapsed Escravos Breakwaters and challenged aspects of Rivers, Onne and Calabar Ports respectively.
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Adeniyi expresses concern over environmental impact of public burning of seized drugs 

as Customs destroys 71 containers of illicit substance 
Funso OLOJO
The Comptroller-General of Customs (CGC) Bashir Adewale Adeniyi has expressed grave concern over public burning of illicit substance which he said has serious environmental impact.
The CGC was saying this against the backdrop of the phased burning of 71 containers load of seized drugs by the customs in done selected locations in the country.
Adeniyi was raising this alarm during the visit of United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) on Tuesday, February 4th, 2025 in Abuja.
Adeniyi, who reaffirmed the Customs’ commitment towards strengthening collaboration with the UN body in tackling drug trafficking and transnational organised crime, told the delegation led by its Country Representative, Cheikh Toure, that adoption of  incineration technology to dispose these drugs was a better and safer option in order to protect the environment.
He  however emphasised Customs’ critical role in addressing drug-related crimes, describing them as a major threat to national security.
“There are no bandits or terrorists who operate without drugs. Nigeria is no longer just a transit point for illicit substances—many criminals within the country are actively using them. Drug abuse among youths has also become a serious concern, with some even portraying it as fashionable,” Adeniyi stated.
Adeniyi also underscored the importance of intelligence-sharing in tackling drug smuggling, noting that UNODC’s global network provides valuable insight into trafficking routes and smuggling methods.
The CGC  expressed interest in adopting models similar to the US-led Container Security Initiative, which enhances port screening and intelligence-sharing.
 Adeniyi revealed that Nigeria would host a Regional Donor Conference for Customs Administrations in April 2025, bringing together 23 Customs administrations and development partners to discuss ways to support Customs operations.
 “We look forward to UNODC’s active participation, as the conference will highlight its contributions to Nigeria and the region while exploring new areas of cooperation,” he said.
 Adeniyi stated that the event will take place in Abuja and focus on improving Customs operations, enhancing intelligence-sharing and strengthening partnerships to address emerging security challenges.
UNODC Country Representative Cheikh Toure commended the NCS for its efforts in combating drug trafficking and assured continued support.
“Customs officers are among the most highly trained professionals in Africa when it comes to detecting illegal activities, and they play a key role in the fight against transnational organised crime,” Toure said.
He noted that UNODC and the NCS had collaborated for over a decade in training, intelligence-sharing and environmental crime prevention.
 However, he stressed the need to move beyond training and implement intelligence-driven interventions at ports, seaports and airports.
Toure also emphasised the importance of regional collaboration, pointing out that criminal networks operate across multiple countries and can easily relocate when faced with enforcement measures.
 “A drug trafficker expelled from Ghana does not disappear into the Atlantic Ocean—they move to Côte d’Ivoire, Mali or Nigeria. This is why we must explore regional strategies to address these challenges collectively,” he observed.
He acknowledged Nigeria’s leadership role in Africa, not only because of its size and influence but also due to its efforts in helping other nations strengthen their enforcement capacities, while acknowledging Nigeria’s support for The Gambia, Sierra Leone and Liberia in improving border security and combating organised crime.
Toure highlighted UNODC’s past contributions, including refurbishing and equipping Customs offices in Lagos, but stressed that material support alone was insufficient.
“We must move beyond training and focus on introducing effective detection mechanisms at ports and border points. UNODC’s Container Control Programme and similar initiatives can be adapted to Nigeria’s needs,” he stated.
He reaffirmed UNODC’s willingness to explore new areas of collaboration with the NCS, particularly in intelligence-sharing, technology-driven screening methods and sustainable drug disposal mechanisms.
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ICTN, CISS fees will make Nigeria’s ports more expensive, uncompetitive — Segun Musa

Funso OLOJO 
Dr Segun Musa, one of the vocal freight forwarders in the country and the Managing Director of Widescope Nigeria Limited, Dr. Segun Musa, has decried the reintroduction of  International Cargo Tracking Note (ICTN) at the Nigerian ports, lamenting it will further add to the cost of doing business at the ports.
Similarly, he believed continued payment of Comprehensive Import Supervision Scheme (CISS)  will further make Nigerian ports uncompetitive within the subregion.
Dr Musa, who was giving an overview of Port operations in the country while interacting with the leadership of the Maritime Reporters Association of Nigeria(MARAN), described these levies and charges as fraudulent in nature, meant to further impoverished Nigerians.
He was particularly upset with the continued payment of the CISS  which was a fee meant to fund the operations of the inspection agencies but is it still been collected years after the era of pre-shipment inspection regime has gone.
“Agents should have gone to court to challenge it. It is illegal. The CISS money was meant for inspection agencies to run their operations.
“EFCC should have investigated the government over the trillion of Naira of CISS.” Musa declared.
On the ICTN, the National Vice President of the Association of Government Approved Freight Forwarders (NAGAFF), said the it was not different from the Customs Risk Assessment Report that profiles all cargo coming into Nigeria.
He believed that the reintroduction of ICTN would further add up to the cost of cargo clearance, narrating that with the intervention of the International Air Transport Association (IATA) acting on his petition, the ICTN was suspended at the airport.
He wondered why the ICTN, already jettisoned by the government, is being reintroduced by the government.
“ICTN is a fraud. This is a fastest way of killing the economy. We are waiting for them,” vowed Musa.
The foremost freight forwarder called the Nigeria Customs Service to implement automation of cargo clearance and delivery, stating that the Customs had promised that the B’Odogwu would address cargo clearance and facilitate trade.
“I want to believe it is achievable. What we need is the full automation; we are against use of companies but rather individuals with their identity number in cargo clearance.
“Everything from inspection to delivery should be automated. This is where the integrity of the Nigeria Customs Service will come to play,” said Musa.
Whether Customs will allow the automation to work or Customs agents will declare correctly, Musa averred that the world is changing and Nigeria cannot be left behind.
 “Nobody wants a change. The world is migrating away from analog. This is why investors do not want to come to Nigeria. To advance our economy, we must embrace change – automation.”
Still speaking on the Customs operations, Dr. Musa said there is nothing special in the revenue collection by the Customs but what we need from the Service is transparency.
“I was the lone voice calling for the privatisation of the Customs; anybody can generate revenue. The PIDA did it during the administration of General Sanni Abacha.
“Customs generating revenue is not special; a consortium can generate revenue while Customs is saddled with a border patrol.
“We did it before and we can do it again. If the Customs is not transparent enough, I will not hesitate to call on the government to privatise the customs,” Musa vowed.
He averred that incessant increase in customs duties and revenue target is an indicator that the national economy is not working and is also a lazy way by the politicians to run the economy.
Musa disagreed with the belief that foreigners have taken over freight forwarding in Nigeria, adding freight forwarding is an international job and everyone is free to practice it.
 “Foreigners have not taken over freight forwarding in Nigeria. People need to understand that we live in a global neighborhood.
“You must have strength and capacity if you want to participate in freight forwarding, an international job.
” Government should create a level playing field for all actors. We collect a lot of revenue for the government but we get nothing.
“Chinese government provide funds and enabling environment for her citizens to thrive everywhere. But it is not the case here in Nigeria,” said Musa
The freight forwarder further noted  the land border was closed because of rice, a decision which he described as irrational when the nation does not have the capacity to produce rice enough to feed her citizens.
He maintained that no nation closes her border against goods it lacks capacity to produce enough, expressing fears that the nation may become a dumping ground for other countries as Nigeria does not have capacity and infrastructure to compete competitively in the African Continental Free Trade Agreement (AfCFTA).
“We don’t have production capacity to tap AfCFTA. We may likely become the dumping ground. We don’t have manufacturers again who can produce for enough for local consumption and for export under AfCFTA,” said Musa
On the National Single Window (NSW), Dr. Musa hinted that his fears about the National Single Window (NSW) had been allayed that NSW would not be handled alone by an agency, calling on the government to set up a committee of trustworthy actors to supervise the Single Window.
Assessing the performance of the Ministry of Marine and Blue Economy under Adegboyega Oyetola as the Minister, Musa said there is nothing new in marine and blue economy.
“It has been with us for long. We cannot harness natural resources in our ocean if we don’t put the right person in the right places.
“The Minister loves talkshows and  globetrotting. How do we harness the blue economy when you don’t have ships, equipment,” said Musa, who said year 2024 was filled with a lot of challenges and opportunities.
“In 2024, we had a lot of challenges – inconsistent in government policies, fluctuations in Forex that plummeted volumes of cargo traffic and the Customs putting pressure on importers with various ideas to meet its revenue target.
” We had a lot of opportunities to change the narratives but we never had associations strong enough to protect our interests.
“Hike in the cost of transportation dues to incessant increase in diesel did not help the situation. The Council for the Regulation of Freight Forwarding in Nigeria (CRFFN) was handicapped by its teething problem as every freight forwarder bore his cross,” Musa said while highlighting 2024 but hopeful for a better 2024.
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